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Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A), which is equal to a flow of one
coulomb of charge per second.
Definition
The amount of electric current (measured in amperes) through some surface, e.g., a section through a copper conductor, is defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in coulombs) flowing through that surface over time. If Q is the amount of charge that passed through the surface in the time T, then the average current I is:
I = \frac{Q}{T}.
By making the measurement time T shrink to zero, we get the instantaneous current
i(t) as:
i(t) = \frac{dQ}{dt}.
The ampere, the measure of electric current, is an
SI base unit so that the coulomb, the measure of electric charge, is derived from the definition of the ampere.
Current in a metal wire
In solid Electrical conductor metal, a large population of electrons are mobile or
free electron. These electrons are bound to the metal lattice but not to any individual atom. Even without an external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to
thermal energy but on average, there is zero net current within the metal. Given an imaginary plane through which the wire passes, the number of
electrons moving from one side to the other in any period of time is exactly equal to the number passing in the opposite direction.
wire.When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a Direct current voltage source such as a
battery (electricity), the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the
free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electron is therefore the
current carrier in a typical solid conductor. For an electric current of 1 ampere rate, 1 coulomb of
electric charge (which consists of about 6.242 × 1018 electrons) drifts every second through the imaginary plane through which the conductor passes.
The current
I in
amperes can be calculated with the following equation:
I = {Q \over t}
where
Q \!\ is the electric charge in
coulombs (ampere seconds)
t \!\ is the
time in
seconds
It follows that:
Q=It \!\ and t = {Q \over I}
Current density
Current density is a measure of the
density of electrical current. It is defined as a
vector (spatial) whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In
SI, the current density is measured in amperes per
square meter.
The drift speed of electric charges
The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions. In order for a net flow of charge to exist, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in
metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the direction of the electric field. The speed at which they drift can be calculated from the equation:
I=nAvQ \!\
where
I \!\ is the electric current
n \!\ is number of charged particles
per unit volume
A \!\ is the cross-sectional area of the conductor
v \!\ is the drift velocity, and
Q \!\ is the charge on each particle.
Electric currents in solid matter are typically very slow flows. For example, in a
copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm², carrying a current of 5 A, the
drift velocity of the electrons is of the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a
cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines ("ballistically") at about a tenth of the speed of light.
However, we know that electrical Signal (information theory) are electromagnetic waves which propagate at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor (moving at the speed of light, as can be deduced from
Maxwell's Equations). For example, in
electric power transmission, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate rapidly through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant external electric load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. Although the velocity of the flowing charges is quite low, the associated electromagnetic energy travels at the speed of light.
The nature of these three velocities can be clarified by analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases. The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motions; to wind. The large signal velocity is roughly analogous to the rapid propagation of sound waves, while the large random motion of charges is analogous to heat; to the high thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles.
Ohm's law
Ohm's law predicts the current in an (ideal)
resistor (or other ohmic device) to be applied
voltage divided by electrical resistance:
I = \frac {V}{R}
where
I is the current, measured in
amperes
V is the
potential difference measured in
volts
R is the electrical resistance measured in
Ohm (unit)s
== Conventional current ==: The electric current is carried by electrons outside the cell (electric current going the opposite way of the electrons), and is carried by positively charged
cations inside the cell (electric current going in the same way as the
anions)
Conventional current was defined early in the history of electrical science as
a flow of positive charge. In solid metals, like wires, the positive charge carriers are immobile, and only the negatively charged electrons flow. Because the electron carries negative charge, the
electron current is in the direction opposite that of the conventional (or
electric) current.
In other conductive materials, the
electric current is due to the flow of charged particles in both directions at the same time. Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged atoms (ions), which exist in both positive and negative varieties. For example, an electrochemistry cell may be constructed with salt water (a solution of sodium chloride) on one side of a membrane and pure water on the other. The membrane lets the positive sodium ions pass, but not the negative chloride ions, so a net current results. Electric currents in
Plasma physics are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, flowing
protons constitute the electric current. To simplify this situation, the original definition of conventional current still stands.
There are also materials where the electric current is due to the flow of electrons and yet it is conceptually easier to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "electron hole" (the spots that should have an electron to make the conductor neutral). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor.
Examples
Natural examples include
lightning and the
solar wind, the source of the polar auroras (the aurora borealis and
aurora australis). The most familiar artificial form of electric current is the flow of electrical conduction electrons in metal wires, such as the overhead power lines that deliver electric power transmission across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. In
electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of
ions inside a Battery (electricity), and the flow of Electron hole within a
semiconductor.
, an electric current produces a magnetic field.
Electromagnetism
Electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire.
Electric current can be directly measured with a
galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the
magnetic field associated with the current. Devices used for this include Hall effect
sensors,
current clamps,
current transformers, and Rogowski coils.
Reference direction
When solving electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown. Consequently, each circuit element is assigned a current variable with an arbitrarily chosen
reference direction. When the circuit is solved, the circuit element currents may have positive or negative values. A negative value means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction.
Electrical safety
The most obvious hazard is electrical shock, where a current passing through part of the body can cause a slight tingle, to cardiac arrest, or severe
Burn (injury). It is the amount of current passing through the body that determines the effect, and this depends on the nature of the contact, the condition of the body part, the current path through the body and the voltage of the source. The effect also varies considerably from individual to individual. (For approximate figures see
Shock Effects under electric shock.)
Due to this and the fact that passing current cannot be easily predicted in most practical circumstances, any supply of over 50 volts should be considered a possible source of dangerous electric shock. In particular, note that 110 volts (a minimum voltage at which AC
mains electricity power is
List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies) can certainly be lethal.
Electric arc, which can occur with supplies of any voltage (for example, a typical arc welding machine has a voltage between the electrodes of just a few tens of volts), are very hot and emit
ultra-violet (UV) and
infra-red radiation (IR). Proximity to an electric arc can therefore cause severe thermal burns, and UV is damaging to unprotected eyes and skin.
Accidental electric heating can also be dangerous. An overloaded power cable is a frequent cause of fire. A battery as small as an AA cell placed in a pocket with metal coins can lead to a short circuit heating the battery and the coins which may inflict burns. Nickel-cadmium battery, Nickel metal hydride battery, and Lithium battery are particularly risky because they can deliver a very high current due to their low
internal resistance.
See also
External links
- Which direction does electricity really flow?
- All about circuits - a useful site introducing electricity and electronics
- Electric current and Ohm's law
- Electric current and power
Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. The
SI unit of electric current is the
ampere (A), which is equal to a flow of one
coulomb of charge per second.
Definition
The amount of electric current (measured in amperes) through some surface, e.g., a section through a copper conductor, is defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in coulombs) flowing through that surface over time. If Q is the amount of charge that passed through the surface in the time T, then the average current I is:
I = \frac{Q}{T}.
By making the measurement time T shrink to zero, we get the instantaneous current
i(t) as:
i(t) = \frac{dQ}{dt}.
The ampere, the measure of electric current, is an
SI base unit so that the coulomb, the measure of electric charge, is derived from the definition of the ampere.
Current in a metal wire
In
solid Electrical conductor metal, a large population of electrons are mobile or
free electron. These electrons are bound to the metal lattice but not to any individual atom. Even without an external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to
thermal energy but on average, there is zero net current within the metal. Given an imaginary plane through which the wire passes, the number of electrons moving from one side to the other in any period of time is exactly equal to the number passing in the opposite direction.
wire.When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a
Direct current voltage source such as a battery (electricity), the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the
free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electron is therefore the
current carrier in a typical solid conductor. For an electric current of 1 ampere rate, 1 coulomb of electric charge (which consists of about 6.242 × 1018 electrons) drifts every second through the imaginary plane through which the conductor passes.
The current
I in
amperes can be calculated with the following equation:
I = {Q \over t}
where
Q \!\ is the electric charge in
coulombs (ampere seconds)
t \!\ is the time in seconds
It follows that:
Q=It \!\ and t = {Q \over I}
Current density
Current density is a measure of the
density of electrical current. It is defined as a vector (spatial) whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In
SI, the current density is measured in amperes per square meter.
The drift speed of electric charges
The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions. In order for a net flow of charge to exist, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the direction of the electric field. The speed at which they drift can be calculated from the equation:
I=nAvQ \!\
where
I \!\ is the electric current
n \!\ is number of charged particles
per unit volume
A \!\ is the cross-sectional area of the conductor
v \!\ is the drift velocity, and
Q \!\ is the charge on each particle.
Electric currents in solid matter are typically very slow flows. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm², carrying a current of 5 A, the
drift velocity of the electrons is of the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines ("ballistically") at about a tenth of the
speed of light.
However, we know that electrical Signal (information theory) are
electromagnetic waves which propagate at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor (moving at the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations). For example, in electric power transmission, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate rapidly through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant external electric load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. Although the velocity of the flowing charges is quite low, the associated electromagnetic energy travels at the speed of light.
The nature of these three velocities can be clarified by analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases. The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motions; to wind. The large signal velocity is roughly analogous to the rapid propagation of sound waves, while the large random motion of charges is analogous to heat; to the high thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles.
Ohm's law
Ohm's law predicts the current in an (ideal) resistor (or other
ohmic device) to be applied voltage divided by
electrical resistance:
I = \frac {V}{R}
where
I is the current, measured in amperes
V is the potential difference measured in volts
R is the
electrical resistance measured in Ohm (unit)s
== Conventional current ==: The electric current is carried by electrons outside the cell (electric current going the opposite way of the electrons), and is carried by positively charged cations inside the cell (electric current going in the same way as the anions)
Conventional current was defined early in the history of electrical science as
a flow of positive charge. In solid metals, like wires, the positive charge carriers are immobile, and only the negatively charged electrons flow. Because the electron carries negative charge, the
electron current is in the direction opposite that of the conventional (or
electric) current.
In other conductive materials, the
electric current is due to the flow of charged particles in both directions at the same time. Electric currents in
electrolytes are flows of electrically charged atoms (
ions), which exist in both positive and negative varieties. For example, an
electrochemistry cell may be constructed with salt water (a solution of sodium chloride) on one side of a membrane and pure water on the other. The membrane lets the positive sodium ions pass, but not the negative chloride ions, so a net current results. Electric currents in Plasma physics are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, flowing
protons constitute the electric current. To simplify this situation, the original definition of conventional current still stands.
There are also materials where the electric current is due to the flow of electrons and yet it is conceptually easier to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "
electron hole" (the spots that should have an electron to make the conductor neutral). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor.
Examples
Natural examples include lightning and the
solar wind, the source of the
polar auroras (the aurora borealis and aurora australis). The most familiar artificial form of electric current is the flow of electrical conduction
electrons in metal
wires, such as the overhead power lines that deliver
electric power transmission across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. In
electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a Battery (electricity), and the flow of
Electron hole within a
semiconductor.
, an electric current produces a magnetic field.
Electromagnetism
Electric current produces a
magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire.
Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices used for this include Hall effect
sensors, current clamps, current transformers, and Rogowski coils.
Reference direction
When solving electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown. Consequently, each circuit element is assigned a current variable with an arbitrarily chosen
reference direction. When the circuit is solved, the circuit element currents may have positive or negative values. A negative value means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction.
Electrical safety
The most obvious hazard is electrical shock, where a current passing through part of the body can cause a slight tingle, to cardiac arrest, or severe
Burn (injury). It is the amount of current passing through the body that determines the effect, and this depends on the nature of the contact, the condition of the body part, the current path through the body and the voltage of the source. The effect also varies considerably from individual to individual. (For approximate figures see
Shock Effects under
electric shock.)
Due to this and the fact that passing current cannot be easily predicted in most practical circumstances, any supply of over 50 volts should be considered a possible source of dangerous electric shock. In particular, note that 110 volts (a minimum voltage at which AC mains electricity power is List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies) can certainly be lethal.
Electric arc, which can occur with supplies of any voltage (for example, a typical arc welding machine has a voltage between the
electrodes of just a few tens of volts), are very hot and emit
ultra-violet (UV) and infra-red radiation (IR). Proximity to an electric arc can therefore cause severe thermal burns, and UV is damaging to unprotected eyes and skin.
Accidental electric heating can also be dangerous. An overloaded power cable is a frequent cause of fire. A battery as small as an AA cell placed in a pocket with metal coins can lead to a short circuit heating the battery and the coins which may inflict burns. Nickel-cadmium battery,
Nickel metal hydride battery, and
Lithium battery are particularly risky because they can deliver a very high current due to their low internal resistance.
See also
External links
- Which direction does electricity really flow?
- All about circuits - a useful site introducing electricity and electronics
- Electric current and Ohm's law
- Electric current and power
Electric current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the ampere, and electric current is measured using an ammeter.
Electric current
Electric Current. Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes.
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